- Jaw
- Often underdeveloped and/or misaligned. Chin may also be underdeveloped. The jaw is generally short and slopes at an angle rather than being horizontally alligned with the skull
- Cheek (malar) bones
- Can be absent, underdeveloped or malformed
- Downward slanting of eyelids
- This is mainly due to lack of support from underdeveloped bones and the cheek muscles joining to the lower jaw muscles
- Absent eyelashes in lower inner one third of eyelid
- Ears
- Can be absent, underdeveloped or malformed (Microtia)
- Unusual hairlines
- Hearing Loss
- This varies greatly in severity but is usually conductive. Those born without any external ears may be able to hear with the use of bone conduction hearing aids
The jaw is often underdeveloped and sloping (receeded). This, along with small nasal passages can cause breathing problems, especially at night, known as sleep apnea. In minor cases the person may breath heavily or snore, in more extreme cases a tracheostomy or other breathing equipment may be required to help the person breathe.
A small, uneven jaw can also cause eating and chewing problems due to misaligned and crowded teeth. This can be helped by orthodontics and surgery.
Less frequent characteristics:
Cleft lip, cleft palate and heart defects.
Someone with TCS should have normal intelligence. It is thought that any delay in development OF TCS people is probably due to hearing loss.
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